碎的念

明治初年的政治小说，东海散士的《佳人之奇遇》(1885)是用“一斋点”的训读体来写的。后来梁启超亡命到日本，把这篇小说翻成中文，题为《佳人奇遇》，在《清议报》上连载(1898—1900)，开了中国近代政治小说的先河。梁启超不大懂日语，却能阅读且翻译日文小说，主要原因就在于它的文体用的是易于复文的“一斋点”汉文训读体，保留了大量的汉字

《汉文与东亚世界》 — 金文京

/ˈɔːlmənæk/

Almanac

《现代英文选评注》 — 夏济安 夏志清

「两位数」，不错的表达。

in two ciphers

《现代英文选评注》 — 夏济安 夏志清

Tame, then, signals purpose for future actions and cause for past actions or unalterably established facts.

《What the Textbooks Don't Tell You》 — Jay Rubin

Tame means “because” or “owing to” when it follows a structure implying a completed action or unalterable state; it means “for the purpose of” when it follows a structure implying an incomplete (i.e., future) action. Notice that, even though both of the sentences about exams describe past events, the exam was still a future event in the first case: the studying was done for the upcoming exam. Likewise, the eating of the fish has yet to occur in the first sentence about fishing: he is fishing for the sake of being able to eat a fish.

《What the Textbooks Don't Tell You》 — Jay Rubin

If you’ve read “Wa and Ga: The Answers to Unasked Questions,” however, you realize that a wa-topic is never the subject of a verb. And if you’ve read the paragraph before this one, you know that people don’t do wakaru: things do it themselves, so for that reason, too, watashi can’t be the subject of wakaru. Kenkyusha gives us Share ga wakaru as “to see [i.e., understand, or get] a joke” and Share ga wakaranai as “miss the point of a joke.” In both cases, you are saying that the joke itself (subject marked by ga) wakaru’s or doesn’t wakaru. If we put “me” into the latter sentence, we get a form that looks like this: Watashi ni wa sono share ga wakaranai.

《What the Textbooks Don't Tell You》 — Jay Rubin

got one!” he inflects the verb tsuru (to fish) with the potential ending and says Tsureta! / “It has spontaneously caught itself on my line!” And when a Japanese writer talks about the successful completion of a novel, he will often say Shōsetsu ga kaketa, meaning not boastfully “I was able to write it,” but far more modestly, “It was writable,” “It wrote itself.”

《What the Textbooks Don't Tell You》 — Jay Rubin

“So…that…” is the key to interpreting positive statements of extent using hodo (or the virtually equivalent gurai or kurai).2 Try to break the habit of mechanically using the word “extent.”

《What the Textbooks Don't Tell You》 — Jay Rubin

The no da’s are constant reminders of the presence of the narrator: observing, questioning, judging, and often subtly hinting to us that he or she knows more than we do

《What the Textbooks Don't Tell You》 — Jay Rubin

Here, by the way, is an example in which the “suffering passive” implies no suffering. The narrator of Murakami Haruki’s “Tony Takitani” informs us that Tony’s father was a somewhat widely known jazz trombonist in the prewar days: Kare no chichioya wa Takitani Shōzaburō to iu, senzen kara sukoshi wa na o shirareta jazu-toronbōn-fuki datta / “His father was a jazz trombonist by the name of Takitani Shōzaburō who ‘suffered’ the knowing of his name somewhat from before the war.”

《What the Textbooks Don't Tell You》 — Jay Rubin

When a long sentence ends with a “That’s because,” it means “That [i.e., what was just said in the previous sentence] is because of everything in this sentence that precedes the kara da.” All of these little explainers at the ends of sentences work this way. They are the main sentence, and everything else modifies them.

《What the Textbooks Don't Tell You》 — Jay Rubin

“Passive and potential forms are sometimes used in a way which might strike the English speaker as strange,” says Anthony Alfonso. “When something is left, or thought, or even done involuntarily or naturally by a person, the action is described in an OBJECTIVE manner and by means of either the potential form or the passive form with a potential meaning.

《What the Textbooks Don't Tell You》 — Jay Rubin

Kaita.I wrote it

《What the Textbooks Don't Tell You》 — Jay Rubin

A few more examples: When a sad occasion brings forth an involuntary gush of tears, the verb naku, “to cry,” is routinely inflected as a potential, nakeru, as in Nakete kichatta / “I just couldn’t help crying.” When a Japanese fisherman pulls a fish out of the water he doesn’t take the credit for it as English speakers do. Instead of shouting “I’v

《What the Textbooks Don't Tell You》 — Jay Rubin

Kaite yatta/ageta.I wrote it for him.Kaite kureta/kudasatta.He wrote it for me.Kaite moratta/itadaita.I got him to write it for me.Kakaseta.I made/let him write it.Kakasete kureta/kudasatta.He did me the favor of making/letting her/me write it.Kakasete moratta/itadaita.I got him to let me write it, or I got him to make/let her write it.

《What the Textbooks Don't Tell You》 — Jay Rubin

Kakasete ageta/yatta.I let/made him write it.Kakareta.It was written, or I was adversely affected by his having written it.Tegami ga kakareta.The letter was written.Tegami o kakareta.I suffered the consequences of his writing the letter.Kakaserareta.I was forced by him to write it.Kaite atta.It had been written. (false passive)Kaketa.It successfully wrote itself.

《What the Textbooks Don't Tell You》 — Jay Rubin

Coming at the ends of sentences, both wake da and no da mean “the reason for that is” or, more simply, “it means” or “that means,” or “it’s that” or “it’s not that” (in the sense of “It’s not that I’m a big fan of Van Damme or anything; it’s just that I like the music in his films”) with the “it” or “that” being a zero pronoun pointing to what has been said in the sentence before or something in the objective situation observable by both speaker and listener. Kenkyusha gives us some good examples of the negative usage: Warui imi de itta no de wa nai / “It’s not that I said it with a bad meaning” = “I meant no ill will.”

《What the Textbooks Don't Tell You》 — Jay Rubin

中国佛经汉译的音译、意译过程中，有时把意译叫作“训”，如晋代孙绰的《喻道论》云：“佛者梵语，晋训觉也。”（《弘明集》卷三）就是说，梵文的“佛”(Buddha)翻成晋（中国）文就是“觉”。“训”本来是“训诂”的“训”，也就是汉代以后对儒家经典的主要注解方式。

《汉文与东亚世界》 — 金文京

越南语的动词在宾语前面，跟中文一样；可是形容词、状语却在名词后面，跟中文相反。“越南”翻成中文是“南越”之义。越南语的“博物馆”叫viện bảo tàng，用汉字写是“院宝藏”，用的是越南语的语序，如直译成中文应是“宝藏院”。可是，越南语的“图书馆”叫thư viện（图2），汉字是“书院”，用的是中文的语序，如用越南语的语序应该叫“院书”。由此可见，越南语也和日语一样，有两种语法，一种是本国语法，一种是汉语语法

《汉文与东亚世界》 — 金文京

n translating a sentence like Kaban o nusumareta, don’t resort to something like “The suitcase was stolen and I was distressed.” The suitcase was not passively stolen: the unmentioned “I” was the one passively affected. Much closer to the original would be a “literal” equivalent such as, “I was unfavorably affected by someone’s having stolen the suitcase,” or “I suffered someone’s stealing my suitcase.

《What the Textbooks Don't Tell You》 — Jay Rubin